Library / English Dictionary

UPSTREAM

Pronunciation (US):

(GB):

 I. (adjective) 

Sense 1

Meaning:

In the direction against a stream's current

Classified under:

Adjectives

Antonym:

downstream (in the direction of a stream's current)

 II. (adverb) 

Sense 1

Meaning:

Toward the source or against the current

Synonyms:

upriver; upstream

Classified under:

Adverbs

Antonym:

downstream (away from the source or with the current)

Credits

 Context examples: 

A fusion gene that results from a chromosomal inversion inv(8)(q12.1;q12.1) which fuses non-coding exon 1 of the CHCHD7 gene upstream of the coding sequence of the PLAG1 gene.

(CHCHD7/PLAG1 Fusion Gene, NCI Thesaurus)

Hormone-ESR complexes appear to recognize discrete upstream target ERE DNA sequences to regulate gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation.

(Estrogen Receptor Family, NCI Thesaurus)

Far upstream element-binding protein 1 (644 aa, ~68 kDa) is encoded by the human FUBP1 gene.

(Far Upstream Element-Binding Protein 1, NCI Thesaurus)

The most common core element is the TATA box, typically 25-30 bp upstream of the start site.

(Basal Transcription Factor Gene, NCI Thesaurus)

Activation by Wave-1, another member of the WASP family, also induces actin alterations in response to Rac1 signals upstream.

(Actin Branching Pathway, NCI Thesaurus/BIOCARTA)

CAML binds and inactivates the key signaling intermediate calcineurin, downstream of the TCR and upstream of calcineurin, by causing an influx of calcium.

(Calcium Modulating Ligand, NCI Thesaurus)

Upstream activation of PI 3 kinase activity that leads to oncogenic transformation can be blocked by inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin.

(mTOR Signaling Pathway BioCarta, NCI Thesaurus/BIOCARTA)

Protein kinase C is also activated by cadmium, upstream of the Map kinase pathway.

(Cadmium Induction Pathway, NCI Thesaurus/BIOCARTA)

Possible upstream mediators of cinobufagin-induced apoptosis include Fas and p53.

(Cinobufagin, NCI Thesaurus)

Five-prime recombinations of MCF2 delete N-terminal codons, producing activated oncogenic variant; the upstream replacing sequence, URS, is derived from D15S93 at 15q15-q23.

(DBL Oncoprotein, NCI Thesaurus)